Botfly Cephenemyia ulrichii larvae in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx of a dog with respiratory signs.

A Finnish Lapphund dog with acute upper respiratory signs and gagging was presented at veterinary clinic. During rhinoscopy, ten 1- to 2-mm long, actively moving larvae were found in the dog's nasal cavity and nasopharynx and identified as Cephenemyia ulrichii (Diptera: Oestridae). This moose (Alces alces) parasite is widespread in Finland but has not been reported before from an accidental canine host. Clinical signs resolved with imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on formulation.

[Nasal myiasis due to lucilia sp. in intubated patient: about one case in Morocco]. / Myiase nasale à lucilia sp. chez un patient intubé : à propos d'un cas au Maroc.

Introduction: Myiasis is the infestation of living bodies of animals and humans with fly larvae or maggots. These accidental or obligatory parasites grow in three stages in the host while feeding on his tissues. Myiasis in a hospital area is a rare situation when flies accidentally lay their eggs on patients, mostly in open wounds or cavities. Case presentation. We report a case of a 72-year-old patient admitted to a general surgery department for peritonitis, then to an intensive care unit (ICU) for septic shock where he was intubated. Some maggots were seen moving in his nasal cavity a few days after his admission and were sent to our laboratory for examination. The larvae were identified as the third larval stage of Lucilia sp. They were removed entirely after intense nasal washing. A checking examination of his nasal cavities revealed no evidence of further infestation. After nasal washing, no other larvae were seen but unfortunately, the patient died of septic shock a few days later. Discussion: Few cases of nasal myiasis in hospitalized patients were reported. ICU myiasis, extremely rare, is caused by the patient's inability to fend off the flies because of their conscious state, presence of blood or odors caused by infections, and the warm humid environment. Conclusion: Myiasis in intensive care unit is a delicate situation that might be underreported. Preventing this infection is directly related to the control of the flies.

Accidental Nasal Myiasis Caused by Megaselia rufipes (Diptera: Phoridae) in a Child.

A case of a nasal myiasis in a 3-yr-old Italian girl who was referred to Bambino Gesù Hospital in Rome, Italy, is reported. Larvae discharged with the nasal mucus were microscopically identified as Megaselia spp.; DNA barcoding analysis showed that they belonged to the 'scuttle fly' species Megaselia rufipes (Meigen). Based on the patient's history, she became infected when she played outside. This is the first report of myiasis in humans due to M. rufipes (Diptera: Phoridae).

Nasal localization of a Pseudoterranova decipiens larva in a Danish patient with suspected allergic rhinitis.

Pseudoterranoviasis is a zoonotic disease caused by nematode larvae of species within the genus Pseudoterranova (seal worm, cod worm). Most infections are gastrointestinal, oesophageal or pharyngeal, but here we report a nasal infection. A 33-year-old patient suffering from rhinitis for 1.5 years recovered a worm larva from the nose. Diagnosis was performed by morphological and molecular characterization, showing the causative agent to be a third-stage larva of Pseudoterranova decipiens (sensu stricto). Various infection routes are discussed.

Capillaria boehmi (syn. Eucoleus boehmi): Challenging treatment of a rarely diagnosed nasal nematode in dogs and high prevalence in Swiss foxes.

Despite morphological differences of eggs and adults, Capillaria boehmi infections have been occasionally misdiagnosed as C. aerophila infections in the past. Capillaria boehmi is found in the nasal and paranasal sinuses of wild canids and dogs, which may suffer from nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis and, importantly, their scent can be impaired. In this study we present three challenging cases of nasal capillariosis in dogs, report and review the variable success of anthelmintic treatments and investigate C. boehmi prevalence in Swiss red foxes, considered as potential wild life reservoir. Out of two females and one male dog (all scent hounds, aged 3-9 years and weighing 19-31 kg), two dogs were previously coproscopically misdiagnosed with Trichuris infections. Two dogs showed clinical signs such as sneezing, coughing and impaired scent. From one dog adult living C. boehmi were obtained by nasal lavage. The identity of worms and eggs of all three dogs were genetically confirmed (18S rRNA, 100 % identity in 578 base pairs). Dogs 1-3 were followed-up for overall 54, 8, and 67 months, respectively. All dogs repeatedly excreted C. boehmi eggs in faecal samples despite treatments with the following compounds, in various dosage and retreatment protocols: fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime (orally), moxidectin/imidacloprid/ (spot-on) and levamisole (intramuscularly). The different anthelmintic compounds showed variable success regarding their effect on clinical outcome and on stopping egg excretion. Reinfections due to a contaminated environment could not be fully excluded. In winter 2016 and 2017, 218 foxes from the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, were examined. Tissues of nasal and paranasal sinuses were investigated for adult Capillaria specimens and eggs. We describe for the first time C. boehmi infections in Switzerland, observing a high prevalence (190/218, 87.2 %). Overall, 107 of 126 adults (84.9 %, 95 % Confidence Interval, CI: 77.5-90.7 %) and 83 of 92 youngsters (90.2 %, CI: 82.2-95.4 %) were infected. The presence of C. boehmi did not correlate with age (P = 0.209), but correlated significantly with sex: male foxes (102 of 107, 95.3 %, CI: 89.4-98.5 %) were significantly (P = 0.001) more often infected than females (88 of 111, 79.3 %, CI: 70.5-86.4 %). Worm burden ranged from 1 to 72 adult specimens (geometric mean: 5.7). In conclusion, C. boehmi infections can be mis- and/or underdiagnosed in dogs. Appropriate anthelmintic treatments, preventing coprophagia and egg contamination of the surroundings and performing coproscopic controls after treatments are fundamental aspects. Potentially, nasal washing may represent an auxiliary alternative. However, the successful elimination of C. boehmi infections in dogs remains challenging.

Successful treatment by adding thalidomide to meglumine antimoniate in a case of refractory anthroponotic mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is mostly associated with Leishmania braziliensis; however, a few cases of Leishmania tropica induced mucocutaneous leishmaniasis have been reported. The standard treatment for leishmaniasis is pentavalent antimonials, but several other drugs for resistant cases have been proposed including amphotericin and miltefosine. Here we present a case of multiple treatment resistant mucocutaneous leishmaniasis with nasal involvement caused by L. tropica; cure was not achieved by multiple treatments and was eventually improved by adding thalidomide to Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime). To the best of our knowledge use of thalidomide in humans for leishmaniasis treatment is reported here for the first time.

First record of infestation by nasal leeches, Limnatis nilotica (Hirudinida, Praobdellidae), from cattle in Italy.

In July 2017, twenty cattle of a free-grazing herd were found to be infested with leeches in the mouth. Main signs were bloody sialorrhea and/or a purple-red colour of the lower lip. Leeches, in a variable number (1 to 3) per animal, were found at the lingual frenulum or on the sublingual vestibular mucosa and were morphologically identified as Limnatis nilotica. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cattle infestation by L. nilotica in Italy. Besides recalling the attention to leech infestation and suggesting its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of animals with suggestive signs, this short report also provides practitioners with easy-going morphological keys for proper diagnosis and discrimination among species.

The global and regional prevalence of oestrosis in sheep and goats: a systematic review of articles and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oestrosis, caused by the larvae of Oestrus ovis, commonly known as sheep nose bot, is an obligatory cavitary myiasis of sheep and goats. Oestrus ovis is a widespread parasite, but little is known about the prevalence of oestrosis at the global and broad geographical levels. The present study aimed to explore the epidemiology of oestrosis at the global and regional level to estimate prevalences and their associated factors using a systematic approach. This is, to the author's knowledge, the first meta-analysis of oestrosis in sheep and goats. METHODS: Published articles were obtained from nine electronic databases (PubMed, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science, Scopus, UCB library, Medline, Biosis Citation Index, Indian journals and Google Scholar) reporting the prevalence of O. ovis in sheep and goats from 1970 to 2018. Pooled prevalences were estimated using a random effect meta-analysis model. RESULTS: Sixty-six studies were eligible, and data from 40,870 sheep and 18,216 goats were used for quantitative analysis. The random effect estimated prevalence of oestrosis at the global level in sheep was 51.15% (95% CI: 42.80-59.51%) and in goats was 42.19% (95% CI: 33.43-50.95%). The pooled prevalence estimates for Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas were 47.85% (95% CI: 36.04-59.66%), 44.48% (95% CI: 33.09-55.87%), 56.83% (95% CI: 48.92-64.74%) and 34.46% (95% CI: 19.90-49.01%), respectively. Heterogeneity (I2 > 80%) was detected in most pooled estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Oestrosis is highly prevalent in many geographical regions of the world, especially in Europe and Africa. Factors that contribute to the pooled prevalence estimate of oestrosis need to be emphasised in any survey to estimate the true prevalence of oestrosis. Furthermore, there is a need for immunisation or implementation of other preventive measures to reduce the burden of oestrosis in sheep and goats and to improve the health and welfare status.

Ergasilus tipurus n. sp. (Copepoda: Ergasilidae), A Parasite of Brazilian Amazon Fish Species.

INTRODUCTION: Copepods are common components in all types of fish assemblages, being present in fishes of all ecosystems. The Ergasilidae Burmeister, 1835 is one of the biggest families in the order Cyclopoida Burmeister, 1834, with the majority of species found on freshwater fishes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ergasilus tipurus n. sp. is described from the nasal fossae of Calophysus macropterus and Sorubim lima captured in the rivers Guaporé and Mamoré in the State of Rondônia, Brazil, and from the nasal fossae and the gills of Rhaphiodon vulpinus collected from floodplain lakes of the Solimões River in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS: The new species differs from all known species of Ergasilus from Brazilian waters by: (1) antennule setal formula 3:7:3:4:2:5; (2), having three-segmented first endopod of leg I; and (3) having leg V with a single well-developed segment with one middle distal setae, two distal setae placed laterally and two basal papillae, each provided with a simple seta. DISCUSSION: From all Ergasilus species described in the neotropics, this is the first species that can be found parasitizing the gills and nasal fossae of the reported hosts.

Dynamics of infestation by Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Tunisia.

Examination of a total of 125 slaughtered donkeys in Tunisian slaughterhouses revealed the presence of 1,508 larvae of Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus in their nasal cavities, with an overall infestation prevalence of 52.8%. The highest overall intensity (number of larvae per infested donkey) and abundance (number of larvae per donkey examined) of infestation were reported in winter (35.6 and 12.1, respectively). Larvae 1 (L1) were the most frequent stage and reached a peak prevalence of 100% during November. The number of larvae 2 (L2) and 3 (L3) was low and the maximum was recorded during March and April. Post-mortem observations showed that infestation intensity increases with age. The ethmoid bone was the most frequently infected portion of the nasal cavity (83.75%). This is the first study on nasal bots in donkeys in Tunisia.

Lors de l'examen des cavités nasales d'un total de 125 ânes abattus dans des abattoirs tunisiens, 1 508 larves de Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus ont été dénombrées, le taux de prévalence de l'infestation s'élevant à 52,8 %. C'est en hiver que l'intensité de l'infestation (nombre de larves par âne infesté) et son abondance (nombre de larves par âne examiné) étaient les plus élevées (elles étaient respectivement de 35,6 et 12,1). Le stade larvaire 1 (L1) était le plus fréquent, avec un pic de prévalence de 100 % en novembre. Le nombre de larves de stade 2 et 3 (L2 et L3) était faible et enregistrait son plus haut niveau aux mois de mars et d'avril. Les observations post-mortem ont montré que l'intensité de l'infestation s'accroît avec l'âge de l'animal. La partie de la cavité nasale le plus souvent infestée était l'os ethmoïde (83,75 % des cas). Il s'agit de la première étude consacrée aux myiases nasales chez l'âne en Tunisie.

Los autores describen un estudio en el cual, tras analizar un total de 125 asnos sacrificados en mataderos tunecinos, se observó en las fosas nasales de parte de ellos la presencia de 1 508 larvas de Rhinoestrus usbekistanicus, con una prevalencia global de infestación del 52,8%. En cuanto a la intensidad (número de larvas por asno infectado) y abundancia (número de larvas por asno analizado) de la infestación, los guarismos globales más elevados se registraron en invierno (35,6 y 12,1 respectivamente). El estadio larvario más frecuente era el primero (L1), cuyo pico de prevalencia, del 100%, se alcanzaba en noviembre. Las larvas de segundo y tercer estadios (L2 y L3) eran poco numerosas, con un máximo registrado en marzo y abril. Las necropsias demostraron que la intensidad de infestación aumenta con la edad. La parte de la fosa nasal infestada con más frecuencia (un 83,75%) era el hueso etmoides. Se trata del primer estudio realizado en Túnez de la presencia de larvas nasales en asnos.

Genetic diversity of an avian nasal schistosome causing cercarial dermatitis in the Black Sea-Mediterranean migratory route.

This study is part of an effort to document the diversity of avian schistosomes in ducks and snails in Northern Iran, a major flyway (Black Sea/Mediterranean) for migratory birds and where cercarial dermatitis (CD) is prevalent in rice growing areas. CD is an allergic skin reaction from schistosome trematodes that emerge from aquatic snails. Most CD cases are reported from recreational swimmers or aquaculture farmers. Much of the work on the epidemiology of CD has focused in recreational waters in the Americas and Europe, with fewer studies in aquaculture, particularly in Iran. The artificial environment at aquaculture sites support dense populations of snails that are hosts to schistosomes, as well as domestic ducks. Thus, are domestic ducks reservoir hosts of species of Trichobilharzia, one of the main etiological agents of CD in Northern Iran? This study focused on a survey of domestic ducks for the presence of the nasal schistosome, T. regenti, that has been reported widely in Europe. Trichobilharzia regenti were found in domestic ducks in the Guilan Province of Iran based on morphological and molecular analyses. The presence of this species in Northern Iran indicates that the domestic duck can serve as a reservoir host for this species and that one of the local snail species is likely the intermediate host. The continued study and surveillance of this species is important because it is a neuropathic schistosome that can use a diversity of bird definitive hosts and Radix snails that are widespread across Eurasia.

Fatal Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection associated with improper nasal lavage.

We report the case of a 69-year-old female who presented with a chronic nasal skin rash, new onset focal seizure, and a cerebral ring-enhancing lesion after a year of improper nasal irrigation. Despite aggressive and novel anti-amoebic treatment, she died as a result of a Balamuthia mandrillaris brain infection.

Treatment of nasal myiasis with ivermectin irrigation.

We describe a case of nasal myiasis due to Musca domestica in a 97-year-old Peruvian farmer with a previously undiagnosed mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Initial attempts to remove the fly larvae using manual extraction with a toothed forceps and normal saline irrigation were unsuccessful. On subsequent nasal irrigation with ivermectin solution, the patient self-expulsed approximately 50 larvae within 15 min. He also received a course of oral ivermectin. A post-treatment CT scan revealed clear sinuses. Here, we propose that ivermectin irrigation is a simple and effective treatment for nasal myiasis.

First morphological and molecular analysis of Eucoleus boehmi like eggs in dogs from Argentina.

The canid parasites Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) and Eucoleus boehmi (syn. Capillaria boehmi) parasitize the lower and the upper respiratory tract, respectively. Reports and descriptions of these nematodes are scarce in Argentina, possibly due to misdiagnosis of morphologically similar trichuroids eggs, and the lack of knowledge about the species of Eucoleus in this geographical area. Scanning electron microscopy is a useful tool for identification of E. boehmi eggs based on the characteristics of the shell structure which differentiate between species. Molecular analysis complements morphological identification. Until now, there are no studies based on the analysis of E. boehmi eggs in Argentina. The aim of the present work was to study by morphological, morphometric, and molecular analysis, eggs attributable to E. boehmi isolated from dogs naturally infected in Mar del Plata city, Argentina. Eggs isolated from two dog fecal samples were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. A fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) from eggs was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed in this study. According to morphological results based on the wall surface ultrastructure, the eggs studied were assigned to E. boehmi. Molecular analysis supported the morphological identification. The divergence of 9-12% with the European isolated could suggest a new geographical genetic variation of E. boehmi, but also question the possible existence of cryptic species. This is the first characterization of E. boehmi eggs in dogs from Argentina.

Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil.

Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 in the skin of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.

The skin is the first organ to be infected by the parasite in canine visceral leishmaniasis. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) acts towards degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulation of the inflammatory response against many kinds of injuries. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through immunohistochemistry and zymography on the skin (muzzle, ears, and abdomen) of dogs that were naturally infected by Leishmania spp. and to compare these results with immunodetection of the parasite and with alterations to the dermal ECM. Picrosirius red staining was used to differentiate collagen types I and III in three regions of the skin. The parasite load, intensity of inflammation, and production of MMP-2 (latent) and MMP-9 (active and latent) were higher in the ear and muzzle regions. MMP-9 (active) predominated in the infected group of dogs and its production was significantly different to that of the control group. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells predominated in the dermal inflammation and formed granulomas in association with degradation of mature collagen (type I) and with discrete deposition of young collagen (type III). This dermal change was more pronounced in dogs with high parasite load in the skin. Therefore, it was concluded that the greater parasite load and intensity of inflammation in the skin led consequently to increased degradation of mature collagen, caused by increased production of MMPs, particularly active MMP-9, in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. This host response profile possibly favors systemic dissemination of the parasite.

Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil / Ácaros nasais (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) em Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) na Costa do Extremo Sul do Brasil

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

Resumo Seis espécies de aves pertencentes à família Sternidae são encontradas frequentemente na costa sul da América do Sul. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Sternula superciliaris residentes sul-americanos e Sterna hirundo, migrante neártico. Existem pelo menos 500 espécies descritas de ácaros nasais ao redor do mundo, sendo Rhinonyssidae a família mais diversa. Estes ácaros são endoparasitos hematófagos que habitam o sistema respiratório das aves. Este estudo objetivou reportar a ocorrência de ácaros nasais em Sternidae na costa do sul do Brasil. Das 106 aves analisadas, 8,5% (9 aves) estavam parasitadas por ácaros nasais. Este é o primeiro registro para duas espécies de ácaros na região neotropical, Sternostoma boydi e Larinyssus orbicularis, parasitando Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. Em Sterna trudeaui e Thalasseus maximus não foram encontrados ácaros nasais. Um único hospedeiro (T. acuflavidus) estava parasitado por duas espécies de ácaros nasais, S. boydi e L. orbicularis.

Ultramorphological and molecular characteristics of the larval stages of the horse nasal-myiasis fly, Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae) from Mongolian horse in China.

Rhinoestrus sp. (Diptera: Oestridae) is an economically important parasite that can cause severe nasal myiasis in equids and can also affect humans. The ultrastructure of all Rhinoestrus sp. larval instars from Mongolian horse was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the features of Rhinoestrus. The structure of the anterior region, posterior region, and the spines of the third segment was analyzed for 10 specimens in each larval stage. Additionally, 34 third-instar (L3) larvae of Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse were subjected to molecular characterization by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COXI) was performed. Phylogenetic relationships for Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse were reconstructed based on COXI sequences and COXI homologs from 12 oestrid species available in GenBank, and inter- and intraspecies variations in nucleotide sequences were analyzed. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Rhinoestrus sp. from Mongolian horse at immature stages was composed of "H"-shaped hypopharyngeal sclerites and "Y"-shaped pharyngeal sclerites. Pairs of papillary sensillae in the cephalic region maintained the same number and location in all three instars, but the third instar additionally included two pairs of verruciform sensillae. COXI sequences of Rhinoestrus sp. larvae collected from Mongolian horses were separated from those of Cephenemyia sp. and other species of Rhinoestrus (R. phacochoeri and R. usbekistanicus). Our sequence analyses demonstrate that all samples greatly resembled Rhinoestrus purpureus but were not R. purpureus. Further studies will be needed to confirm the existence of a new species. The pairs of papillary sensilla in the cephalic region retained the same number and location in all three instars, but included two pairs of verruciform sensilla in the third-instar larvae collected from Mongolian horses were more closely related to those of Oestrus ovis and Pharyngomyia picta.